Collection and utilization of carbonic-acid gas produced by fementation in breweries.



' No. 728,070 PATENJTED-MAY 12, .1903.

o. ZWIBTUSGH. COLLECTION AND UTILIZATION OF GARBONIG ACID GAS PRODUCED BY FERMENTATIO'N IN BREW'ERIES.

APPLICATION FILED D110. 4, 1899- a BIQJBTS-SHEET 1.

WWW/X h 'Ym: nomus PETERS c0 PHOTO-LIYHQ. wAsmNoYom-u c N. 728,070. PATENTBD MAY I2, 1903.

0. ZWIETUSGH. COLLECTION AND UTILIZATION 011 CARBON-I0 ACID GAS PRODUCED BY FERMENTATION IN BREWERIBs.

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m: "cams PETERS :0. PHoYo-uwou wAsHmsmN. n, c.

No. 728,070. *PATENTED MAY 12, 1903..

. 0. ZWIETUSGH. v COLLECTION AND UTILIZATION OF GARBONIO'AGI'D GAS PRODUCED BY FERMENTATION-IIN BREWBRIES. I

APPLIOATIQN FILED DEC. 4, 1899. 7

N0 MODEL. a SHEETS-SHEET 3.

' of air, whereby the finished beer never comes in contact with air; and to these ends my said Patented Ma 12, mos.

OTTO ZWIE'IUSOH, OF MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN.

COLLECTION AND UTILIZATION OF CARBONIC-ACID GAS PRODUCED BY FERMENTATION IN BREWERIES.

$2ECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 728,070, dated May 12, 1903. Applicatio n filed December 4, 1899. Serial No- 739,065. (No model.)

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that LOTTO ZWIETUSCH, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Milwaukee, in the county ofMilwaukee and State of Wisconsin, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in the Collection and Utilization of Carbonic-Acid Gas Produced by Fermentation in Breweries; and I do hereby declare that the following is a full, clear, and exact description thereof.

My invention relates to the collection ofcarbonic-acid gas arising from fermentation in breweries and the carbonation of the beer with its self-produced gas, as well asthe use of the gas as a compelling pressure in place invention consists in certain peculiarities in the construction and arrangement of the apparatus employed in the described art of collecting and utilizing the said gas for the accomplishment of the desired results, all being combined into a novel system, as will be more fully set forth hereinafter and subsequently claimed. u In the drawings, Figure 1 is a representation in elevation of the apparatus employed in my present system, showing the preferred arrangement thereof, certain portions of said apparatus being shown broken away or in section. Figs; 2 to 5 are enlarged detail views in elevation and section of portions of said apparatus, Fig. 2 illustrating the valve-controlled gas-outlet pipe leading from the closed fermenting-cask with the connected fermentation-observation device and the flexible hose. connecting said outlet-pipe with one or the wort has been cooled'it is stocked with yeast, usually in a large open vat., After the fermentation has set in lively the wort is transferred into closed fermenting vessels,in which the fermentation produces a pressure. It is necessary to collect the gas under as light a pressure as possible and as fast as it is prodnced.2 In the beginning of the fermentation there is quite a large quantity of air mixed with the gas, and clear gas is obtained only progress-say from one to two days.

mixed gas is expelled and formerly was wasted until the clear gas was obtained. In my system I have arranged to use this mixed gasfor a compelling pressure, substituting it for the regular air-pressure common in breweries Where it is advisable, for instance, for racking off the beer,filling empty casks which are to be filled with carbonated beer, or for a counter pressure for forcing the air on t of such casks. The method I have adopted in my entire systemincludesfillingallcasksinto which the carbonated beer is brought with carbonicacid gas or forcing the atmospheric air out avoid all contact of beer with the air, by which method the beer produced is made a better article. As in the first part of the fermentation arich aroma is mingled with the gas, I adopt two leading systems, one for the clear gas, the other for the mixed. This clear gas is led by suction of the gas-compressor into a strong reservoir at a pressure of from seventy-five to one hundred pounds. From this reservoir the gas is passed through a purifier and used as a carbouating pressure for still beer. The other system carries the mixed gas to a separate reservoir, of which the com pump, leading this pressure through the entire brewery wherever it is required-for instance, for racking off the finished beer and filling the empty vessels with gas before they are supplied with the carbonated beer. By a continuous reuse of the waste gas, carrying it to the supply of the compelling pressure, and the economical reuse of the waste gas as a compelling pressure the system is supplied almost entirely with gas,which will grow more after a period of fermentation according toits I Whenever the carbonic-acid gas is collected, this.

with gas before they are filled with beer to 7 )Bllllil" ressure is obtained b a re ularairl s P too pure as the operation continues, and surplus of clear gas is also let into the compellingpressure system.

Referring to the drawings, A represents one of the closed fermenting-casks containing the wort to which the stock-yeast has been added ready for fermentation. B 0 represent two gas-collecting pipes suspended or supported in any suitable manner in line with the upper portions of the said closed fermenting-casks A, of which casks there may be any required number, according to the capacity of the brewery, the pipe B being for the collection of the first produced or mixed gas (containing some air) from the casks A and the pipe 0 for the collection of the later produced clear gas from said casks. D is a reservoir for the said mixed gas, (which is to be used as a compelling pressure,) and E is a reservoir for the clear gas.

F is a gas-supply tank for the clear gas, and G is what I term a safetyand overpressure escape vessel.

H is a pump for the compelling pressure, and K K a purifier for the compelling-pressure gas, while I I represent a purifier for the clear gas, and L a compressor for said clear gas.

M M M designate a row of casks operated as a bunging apparatus, N a beer-supply pump, 0 an intermediate beer-supply vessel, P a beer-filter, Q a beer-carbonator, R the final filter, and S a counter-pressure racking aparatus, all as will be more fully described hereinafter.

In the upper part of each closed fermenting-cask A is inserted a gas-outflow pipe 0., form'ed with a valve-casing a and carrying a valve a whose screw-threaded stem passes through a suitably-packed bushing a in the outer end of said casing and terminates in a hand-wheel for the operation of the valve. Another bushing a is screwed into the bottom of said casing, and from an annular flange of this last-named bushing there is suspended a coupling an, to which is secured the fermentation-observation device A, all of these parts being shown in detail in Fig. 2. The upperpart of this device comprises a metal cap a, screwing into and suspended from the said coupling a and having a gas-outlet 0t and a central depending pipe bin line with the bore of the bushing (1 The said device has a concave base-plate and a transparent wall I), (preferably a glass cylinder,) clamped between the cap and base-plate by a series of clamping-rods b b and suitably packed, as shown at b b, the pipe I) preferably extending slightly below the bottom plane of the transparent wall 1) into the concavity of the base-plate, which latter has a valvecontrolled fluid-outlet I), it being designed that the space between the pipe I) and wall b should be filled with Water. The gas-outlet a is connected by a coupling a with a flexible hose 0, whose other end is adapted to be ,connectedwith the gas-inlet pipe B of pipe B or the gas-inlet pipe 0 of pipe 0, the said inlet-pipes having valves 0 c to control the admission of gas into the pipes B O. From the pipe B a pipe D leads directly into the reservoir D, said pipe D having two branches, one of which, D is connected to the tank F, and the other branch D is connected to the vessel G. From the pipe 0 a pipe F leads directly to and Within the tank F, and-there being a pipe G extending from near the bottom of the vessel G up through said vessel and connecting with the said pipe F. The reservoir D is provided with an extended high pipe D to the open air and with aglass gravity-indicator d at the end of a pipe 61. The vessel G is filled with water to a certain height, and to prevent that height being exceeded (as would otherwise sometimes happen from the condensation and moisture of the gas) the said vessel G is provided with a bent overflow-pipe 9, open at its outer end, for the escape of such extra water. From the reservoir D a pipe h (provided with a cock It) runs to the pump H, from which pump a pipe J extends to and within the first of the purifying vessels K K, (which are connected by a similar pipe J,) and from the said purifier K K there extends a pipe K, carrying the gas from the reservoir D after it leaves the purifier K K to the desired points, as hereinafter explained, there being another pipe K leading from pipe K, and branches on both pipes, subsequently named.

L, as hereinbeforc stated, designates a compressor for the clear gas, which is operated by steam-power, so much of a steam-engine as is necessary to the understanding of the operation of my invention being represented at L in Fig. 1 and the valves and connecting parts herein utilized, as hereinafter explained,being shown in enlarged detail views,

Figs. 4; and 5. A suction-pipe L connects the gas-supply tank F with the compressor L, and from the latter a pipe L extends to the reservoir E. Rising from the pipe L and connected therewith is a pipe T, terminating in a double liquid column T, which forms a low-pressure indicator. The pipe T is'connected by a short branch pipe t with a rigid concave shell t, provided with ayielding flexible disk or diaphragm U, which in turn is connected by a link it to a lever U, one end of this lever being connected by a link it to the shell of the diaphragm, while the opposed edge of the shell is provided with a slotted guide 10 within whose slot the said lever U has movement, and the adjacent end of this lever is linked by a connecting-rod 'v to one arm of a bell-crank lever V, which is pivotally supported on an arbor V projecting from the adjacent valve-casing V of the engine.

\V represents the steam-supply pipe entering the valve-casing V, which latter communicates with the steam-chests of the e11- gine, as indicated in Fig. 1, wherein W indi cates the exhaust. This casing contains an upper double-seat valve to w on a vertical rod or stem 20, passing up through a stuffingbox, and a lower rotary valve w on a horizontal rod or stem Q03, which passes through a block to, said block having screw-threaded hubs at each side thereof to receive the adjacent ends of a divided rod 20 10 One part of this rod e0 carries a weight w while the other part is connected to the lower end'of a link w whose upper end is pivotally connected to the lower arm of the described bellcrank lever V. A pipe L is connected to and rises from the pipe L and at its top carries a pressure-gage L while a branch pipe L extends from the pipe L to a cylinder L supported on'the steam-supply pipe W, this cylinder having a piston L within the same, the piston-rod L having a link connection with the piston and with a rod 'W which latter is pivoted to a fulcrum W rising from the valve-casing V, the inner end of this rod W being pivotally connected to the upper end of the valve-rod W and the free outer end of said rod W carrying aweight W.

As it is one of the main conditions to the successful operation of my invention that the clear carbonic-acid gas is drawn off as it is produced by the fermentation, it is requisite that means shall be provided to prevent any vacuum in the suction-pipe L as that would allow a suction of air and render the gas useless for carbonatin g purposes, and this object I attain by means of the devices shown in Fig. 4 and above described. As the engine operates the compressor L the clear gas is sucked through said pipe L from the gas-su pply tank F, and should this supply become practically exhausted it is desirable that the engine should stop (before the point of complete exhaustion and consequent vacuum) until a fresh supply of clear gas is led to the supply-tank F, as by the connection of another fermenting cask or casks to the pipe 0. When the devices are in proper working order, the pressure in the iermentation-casks should not exceed half a pound to the square inch, which would be indicated by a height of about twelve inches of the liquid in the outer open branch of the double liquid column T over the height of the liquid in the inner branch of said double liquid column, and the pressure in said fermentation-casks should never be less than the tenth or twelfth of a pound, which whould show an excess height of the liquid in the outer branch of the liquid-indicator of between two and three inches over the height of the liquid in the inner branch thereof. The pressure within the diaphragm device i U is always the same as thatin the fermentation-casks, and when this pressure is diminished from any cause the weight to (which is adjusted on the rod -w so as to counterbalance the desired normal pressure within the diaphragm device) will operate and depress the end of the rod 4.0 to which it is attached, and thereby close the rotary valve 10 and shut off the supply of steam to the engine, and at the same time this movement of the rod 10 raises the rod-w and the arm of the bell-crank lever V, to which it is attached, and forces back the other arm of the bell-crank V, and with it the connectingrod 0, lever U, and disk U of the diaphragm device, and hence there is no vacuum in said lever V, thereby depressing the lower arm'of the latter, and with it the rod 10 and connected end of the rod 10 thus again opening the valve 10 and permitting the inflow of steam to the engine from pipe W, so that the said engine will again start up and begin to operate the compressor L, which, as before, will suck the gas from pipe L and force it through pipe L into the reservoir E.

It is not only necessary, as just explained, to cut off the engine when the supply of clear gas abates, but it is also necessary to stop the engine when the gas is being produced in greater quantity than can be stored in the reservoir E, and this is accomplished automatically by the means shown in Fig. .4. The weight W is-adjusted on the rod V corresponding to the desired pressure of the gas in the reservoir E, and when this pres sure is exceeded the gas from pipe L flow.- ing into the cylinder L through pipes L L, will overcome the weight W and raise the piston L andthrough the link-rod L raise the long end of rod W depressing its short end and with it the valve-rod w, thus closing the double-seat valve 20 20 against its seats, thus cutting of the supply of steam from pipe W to the engine, and the'latter will stop until the pressure within the reservoirEhas been reduced by the withdrawal of gas therefrom, when the said Weight W will again operate and open the valve w w and permit steam to again enter the engine and start up the action of the engine and the compressor L. When the engine is thus stopped by the overproduction of the clear gas and the gascollecting tank F is filled to its capacity, the

surplus gas from pipe F passes through pipe G into the vessel G and out through pipe D filled with beer immediately after the carbonation thereof by the clear purified gas.

The still-beer is supplied to the carbonator termediate vessel 0, filter P, and connecting pipes, and the clear gas to be used for the carbonation passes from thereservoir E through when the cask is to be filled.

the purifierII and pipe I to pipe I and branch pipe I to said carbonator Q. Then the carbonated beer passes from the carbonator Q through hose Q to the cask to be filled; each cask of the bunging-apparatus series having a beer-inlet pipe m to be coupled to said hose Q In Fig. 1 the middle cask M is shown as being filled with beer from the carbonator Q. Cask M represents a cask which has been filled with carbonated beer and is ready for racking oflf through the final filter R and racking apparatus S, and cask M represents a cask which has been emptied of beer. 1* represents a pipe connected to the described pure-gas pipe 1 and said pipe I has branches 1 I I (preferably flexible hose) leading to the bungingapparatuscasks M M M each of said casks being provided with a double cock m 172 the nipples of the cocks m being connected to the branch pipes or hose 1 just named. Before one of these casks is to be filled with the newly-carbonated beer the said cask is filled with carbonic-acid gas to force out the atmospheric air and to provide a counter pressure to prevent the foaming of the beer as it is admitted to the cask from the carbonator. I will explain the operation in connection with cask M and state that in the beginning the first cask to be filled with beer is supplied with the mixed gas from reservoir D by any suitable connectionsay, for example, by a hose extending from one of the cock-controlled nipples on pipe K to the cock-controlled nipple m in the lower part of the cask. From the nipple of the cock on a hose a: leads to a short pipe 00, (provided with a pressure-gage 50 which pipe m connects with the chamber of a blow-0E regulator X, suspended from which is an observation device X, similar in general construction to the observation device A, already described, and shown in Fig. 2, having a similar cap a, gas-outlet a central depending pipe Z), transparent wall or glass cylinder Z), base-plate b clamping-rods 1) b packing b 12 and. bottom outlet 11 all as described with reference to the observation device A, except that the device X is not designed to be filled with water. The blow-ofi regulator X is made with flexible yielding diaphragm 00 across its chamber, valve m secured to the under side of said diaphragm and seated so as to normally close the bore or passage leading to the pipe I) of the observation device beneath, and with a spring 1: surrounding the upright rod 00 projecting from the upper side of the diaphragm, the tension of which spring is adjusted according to the pressure desired by the screwcap 00 through which said rod projects, all as shown in detail in Fig. 3. From the outlet a of said observation device X a hose X extends to a nipple p on a pipe Y, leading back to the reservoir D. The mixed gas being admitted, as stated, through the nipple m into the cask M and one of the outlets of said cask-say the air-cock va -opened, the

air within the cask is driven out and the cask filled with the gas, which should have a pressure of from four to six pounds, which will show on the gage :0 any excess of the desired pressure serving to lift the diaphragm and valve and permit the gas to escape through the pipe Z2 and hose X and find its way back to the reservoir D, the cock in being closed when the air has been expelled from the cask. This described pressure of from four to six pounds within the cask is sufficient for a counter-pressure, and now the beer from the carbonator (where it is under a considerably greater pressuresay from twelve to fourteen pounds in an ordinary case, depending somewhat upon the elevation of the cask being filled above the plane of the carbonator) is admitted to the cask M without foaming, driving out the gas through the hose 1:, blow-off regulator and observation device, hose X and pipe Y to the reservoir-D for reuse, the observation device showing when the cask is filled by the beer entering said device, so that the supply of beer may be cut off from said cask M. The desired pressure in the carbonator Q is obtained by means of the pressure-reducer g at the end of branch 1 which leads the pure gas from pipe I to the pipe q, fitted with pressure-gage g at the point where the last-named pipe enters the carbonator.

When one of the casks of the banging-apparatus series has been filled with the freshlycarbonated beer, as described, it is requisite that same should rest under a suitable bunging pressure for not less than ten to twelve hours before the beer is racked off. The tube 00 is removed from the nipple of cock m and the latter closed and hose Q removed from the nipple m of the cask and then pure gas admitted by opening cock m of the cask and the cock '5 in pipe 1 said cock 2' being adjacent to the pressure-gage z" and pressure-reducer 2' and the gas at the desired reduced pressure-say from ten to twelve poundsflowing into pipe I and through hose 1 upon the beer in the filled cask. When the beer has been kept the desired length of time under this bunging pressure, the supply of pure gas is cut off by closing the cock on, and the mixed gas from pipe K is utilized as a compelling pressure in racking ofit the beer, as will be now explained in connection with the cask M. (Shown in Fig. 1.) A hose I is connected to the nipple k and to the nipple of cock m and a hose R is connected to the nipple m of the cask, the other end of said hose being coupled to the inlet-pipe of the final filter R, from which a pipe or hose S leads to the racking apparatus S.

K is a branch pipe leading from pipe K to a reservoir S there being a pressure-reducing valve .2 at the end of said branch pipe and a pressure-gage 2' on said reservoir, and from the latter there extend hose S leading to the valved extensions of the filling-bungs S S is a foam-indicator with which the hose S from the filter R'is connected and frbm which foam-indicator the hose S lead to said valved extensions of the filling-bungs'.

Each filling-bung S isin the form of a hol low tapered cylinder, having a filling-tube S of reduced diameter within the same and projecting downward therefrom, and the annular space between shell and tube communicates with a tubular handle 2 which has a vent-cock 2 and a hose S leading to a reservoir Siwhich is provided with a pressuregage 2 and blow-off valve 2 there being an observation-glass z? in said'hose S just above the tubular handle Z2. The hose S has a cock Z7, the hose S acock 2 and the hose S a cock 2*.

p Z Z represent the shipping-casks to be filled with beer from the bunging-apparatus casks, and I will describe filling one of these casks from the cask M. It is necessary to have a counter-pressure in the said cask Z to prevent foaming, and for thispurpose the mixed gas from pipe K is led into the reservoir S at a reduced pressure of, say, three or four pounds. The filling-bung S is inserted within the bunghole of the cask Z and the cock 2 opened, (the cooks 2" a being closed,) and then the mixed gas from the reservoir S flows through hose S and the filling-tube S into the cask to constitutethe required counter-pressure.

The beer from the cask M is forced by the compelling pressure of the mixed gas in pipe Ki, through the pipe B into the filter R, (the cooks 7c and 'm being opened to' admit this gas through hosel to the beer in cask M,) and from the filter R the beer passes through hose S, foam-indicator S and hose 8", the cocks 2 and a? being opened and the cock 2 being closed before the cocks in the hose R and S are opened toadmit the passage of the beer. As the beer enters the shipping-cask Z through the tube S near the bottom of the cask the gas and whatever air there may be in said cask escapes out through the described annular passage between the shell and tube of the filling bung S and through the tubular handle 2 and hose S into the reservoir S and as soon as the observation-glass .2 shows any beer or foam therein the cock 2 is closed to shut off the supply of beer, and the vent-cock z? is opened to relieve any overpressure in the fillingbung and drain off any beer in the tube S and the cock e is then closed, when the filling-bung may be removed from the cask Z and the latter promptly bunged. Any excess of pressure in the reservoir S will escape through the blow-01f valve 5 and the amount of beer that escapes when the vent-cock 2 is opened is inconsiderable. The filling-bung may now be transferred to. another shipping-cask and the racking-off operation repeated until the storage-cask from which the beer is supplied is emptied, and in Fig. 1 I haveshown the racking apparatus S adapted to operate with two shipping-casks simultaneously, and as a matter of fact this may be arranged for any number found convenient, as illustrated in my Patent No. 623,758, dated April 25, 1899.

Whenone of the casks of the bringing ap paratus has been emptied of beer in the manner just described, the hose R is detached from the nipple m of said cask (to be attached to another cask ready to be racked off) and the cask from which the beer has just been withdrawn remains filled with the mixed gas from the compelling-pressure system at'a pressure of, say, about twelve to fourteen pounds, and I utilize this gas for theconnterpressure in a new cask which is to be filled with beer by connecting a hose M to'the nip- X leading to the pipe Y, and then after the said new cask has been filled with gas at the desired pressure the said hose M is disconnectedfrom the nipple of said new cask and connected to another nipple g on said pipe Y, (still being connected to theemptied cask,) so that all excess of gas from the new cask and all the gas from the lately-emptied eask'may be led back to the reservoir D for reuse, after which the new cask isfilled with beer fromthe carbonator in the manner already described,

whilethe lately-emptied cask is disconnected and thoroughlycleaned for future use.

' There never should be more than about onehalf-pound pressure upon the wort in the fermenting-cask, and it has been already stated that the vessel G has been provided as a safety and overpressuredevice for the clear gas led from said cask A by pipes 'c, O, and F to the gas-supply tank F. If it were not for thisvesselG, when the tank F was filled to its capacity the pressurefin the cask A would increase and retard the fermentation. The column of water within the vesselG is about twelve inches in height, which will control the pressure of one-half pound in the.

fermenting-cask, serving as acounter-prea sure regulator, the gas being admitted to the Hence by my present device I not only prevent the retardation'of the fermentation but Ialso save this excess of gas withdrawn from the cask A and store it up for useas a compelling pressure.

The object ofemploying the hereinbeforeis to secure a steady pressure upon the beer inthe filter and keep the pressure in said filter P and carbonator Q practically constant,

,referred-to intermediate 'beer supply' vessel 0 between the pump N and the first filter P and by connecting branch pipe 0' to the pipe K and to the pressure-reducing valve 0 on said vessel 0, I utilize the mixed gas from the reservoir D to maintain the required pressure on the beer within said vessel 0, which is provided with a pressure-gage O and blowofi regulator O to accomplish this purpose.

I have not deemed it necessary to specifically describe the construction and attachments of the pipe N from pump N to vessel 0, the pipe P from said vessel to filter P, the pipe P from said filter to the carbonator Q, nor the observation devices and cooks shown thereon, nor the specific construction of filter R and its pipes, cocks, and attachments, as the same have no especial reference to my hereinbefore-described system for the collection, utilization, and reuse of the gas from the fermenting vessel, but have shown said parts so that my entire system may be clearly illustrated.

As it is desirable that the gas, both that used as a compelling pressure and that employed for carbonation, should be as dry and free from moisture as possible, I provide means for draining the pipes where requiredas, for example, the drip-pipes K and i on the pipe K and l and the waste-cockf in the gas-supply tank F, as the latter receives more or less moisture from condensation in the pipes leading thereto.

The reservoir D contains the mixed gas free from pressure, the pipe D being always open to the open air and said pipe being usually extended to the height of the building in which the reservoir is located, and the gravity-indicator (1 shows the condition of the contents of the said reservoir. If the reservoir is full of gas and the pipe D is, say, sixty feet in height, then the outer column of the indicator d (which is open to the air) will show an excess of height of the liquid therein contained of from three-fourths of an inch to an inch over the height of the liquid in the inner column next the pipe d, and the variation of height from time to time will indicate the relative amount of gas and air in said reservoir D,and if the latter has been emptied of gas by the suction of the pump H then the liquid in the two columns of the indicator (1 will be of equal height.

As already stated, there maybe any desired number of the fermenting vessels A, and therefore some of these vessels may be connected to the collecting-pipe B for the withdrawal of the mixed gas, while others at the same time are connected to the collectingpipe 0 for the clear gas, and hence all the parts of my system may be in continuous use at the same time, and the engine which operates the compressor L is designed to have two steam-cylinders; but I have not deemed it essential to show the construction of the engine in the drawings.

Having thus described myinvention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-

1. The combination with a closed fermenting vessel, of a gas-outflow pipe connected to the upper part thereof, and formed with a valve-casing having a valve operative therein, and said valve-casing being provided with an outlet in its bottom; a transparent observation device suspended from said valve-casing, and havinga gas-outlet at its upper end, and a central depending pipe communicating with the outlet in the bottom of said valvecasing; a gas-collecting pipe, provided with a valve-controlled inlet-pipe, and a hose leading to said inlet-pipe from the gas-outlet of the said transparent observation device, the latter containing a water-column between its central depending pipe and transparent wall, whereby the outflow of gas from the said fermenting vessel may be observed during the process of fermentation from the beginning and during the various stages and the cessation thereof.

2. The combination with aclosed fermenting vessel, of a gas-outflow pipe connected to the upper part thereof, a depending pipe suspended from and communicating with said gas-outflow pipe, a gas-collecting device, and a transparent observation device also suspended from said outflow-pipe and surrounding said depending pipe, and provided witha water-column through which the gas produced by the fermentation must pass on its way to said collecting device.

3. The combination with a gas-outflow pipe formed with a valve-casing and having a valve operative therein, of a bushing secured to the bottom of said casing, a coupling suspended from said bushing, a cap suspended from said coupling and provided with a laterally-extended gas-outlet pipe and a central depending pipe in line with the bore of said bushing, a base-plate provided with a valve-controlled liquid-outlet, a transparent wall surrounding said central depending pipe between the cap and base-plate, clamping-rods extending between the said cap and base-plate, and suitable packing rendering the joints gas and liquid tight.

4.. The combination with a closed fermenting vessel, and a valve-controlled gas-outflow pipe connected to the upper part thereof, of a reservoir for the collection and storage of the mixed gas and air first led from the fermenting vessel; an open pipe leading upward from said reservoir to the open air; a pair of gas-collecting pipes, provided with valve-controlled gas-inlets; a hose for connecting the gas-outflow pipe with the gas-inlet of either of said gas-collecting pipes; a gas-supply tank for the collection of the clear gas from the fermenting vessel; an independent safety and overpressure vessel containing a water-column maintained at a constant height; a pipe leading from one of the gas-collecting pipes directly to said reservoir; another pipe, leading from the other of said gas-collecting pipes to the gas-supply tank; a valve-controlled gas-outlet pipe on the gas-supply tank below the plane of said gas-leading pipe; a branch from said gas-leading pipe extending to the lower part of said safety and overpressure vessel; a branch pipe leading from said vessel to the pipe leading to the reservoir, and auother branch pipe leading from said gas-supply tank, above the plane of the gas-leading pipe therein, to the said pipe leading to said reservoir.

5. The combination withareservoirforcontaining mixed gas and air, of a pump and purifier connected thereto, and a pipe leading from said purifier; a vessel to be filled with beer; a hose connecting said pipe with said vessel to supply a counter-pressure of gas from said reservoir preliminary to the admis sion of beer; a hose leading to said vessel from a supply of beer under pressure; a cookcontrolled gas-outlet in said vessel; a hose leading from said outlet; a blow-off regulator connected to said hose; an observation device connected to said blow-off regulator to indicate when the vessel has been filled with beer, and hose and pipe connections leading from said observation device back to said reservoir, whereby the gas originally introduced into said vessel from said reservoir is led back thereto for reuse, as the beer is admitted to said vessel.

6. The combination with a closed fermenting vessel, a gas-outflow pipe connected to the upper part thereof and a gas-collecting pipe connected to said gas-outflow pipe,;of a gas-supply tank and a pipe leading thereto from the gas-collecting pipe; a gas-compressor, and a pipe leading thereto from the gas-supply tank; a reservoir for the compressed gas, and a pipe leading thereto from the compressor; a steam-engine for operating said compressor; a steam-passage leading to the steam-chests of said engine; a rotary valve located in saidsteam-passage and having a valve-rod projecting through the casing thereof and carrying a block at its outer end; a transverse rod connected to said block; an adjustable Weight on one end of said transverse rod; a bell-crank lever pivotally supported on the casing of the steam-passage; a link pivotally connecting one arm of said bell-crank lever with the adjacent end of the said transverse rod; a dia phragm device comprising a rigid concave shell and ayielding flexible disk; a pipe leading from the pipe between the gas-supply tank and the com pressor,and having a branch leading into the said diaphragm device; a lever linked at one end to the diaphragmshell and also linked to the flexible disk thereof; and a connecting-rod pivotallyconnected to the other end of said lever and to the other arm of the said bell-crank lever.

7. In apparatus for collecting and utilizing carbonic-acid gas produced by fermentation in breweries, the combination with a closed fermenting vessel, two receptacles, a purifier, a carbonator, a cask, and a vessel containing a supply of still beer, of means I for leading the first-produced mixed gas and air in the closed fermenting vessel to the first receptacle; means for leading the clear gas next produced in the said closed fermenting vessel to the second receptacle; means for leading the mixed gas and air from said first.

receptacle, through said purifier, to said cask, for driving out the air therefrom, and to form a counter-pressure therein; means for leading the supply of still beer, from the said vessel containing the same, to said carbonator; means for leading the clear gas from said second receptacle, under desired pressure, to said carbonator; means for leading the beer thereby carbonated from said carbonator to said cask to be filled against the counter-pressure of the mixed gas and air therein contained; and means for leading said mixed gas and air back to said first receptacle, as it is driven out of said cask by the admission of the carbonated beer.

8. In apparatus for collecting and utilizing carbonic-acid gas produced by fermenta- 1 tion in breweries, the combination with a fermenting vessel, containing said gas, of a receptacle; means for'leading said gas to said receptacle; a resting-cask containing carbonated beer a filter, racking apparatus,

and storage-casks, all connected to said resting-cask; means for leading the gas from i said receptacle to said resting-cask for driving out the carbonated beer to said storagecasks until said resting-cask is emptied of ICO 

